Photos 4/5/2010 by George Konstantinou
Below
in English
Text: George Konstantinou
Foinikas is an abandoned village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, situated in the Xeropotamos valley, close to the western shore of the present-day Asprokremmos Reservoir. It lies approximately 4–5 kilometres northeast of Anarita and about 16 kilometres east of Paphos. Today the village is uninhabited, and its ruined stone buildings form one of the most distinctive abandoned landscapes in the area.
For a long period, Foinikas was a Turkish Cypriot village. Its history, however, extends much further back and is closely connected with the medieval period of Cyprus, when the area had considerable administrative importance.
Location of the Village
Foinikas was built near the western bank of the Xeropotamos River, at an average elevation of approximately 90 metres.
Today, the abandoned settlement lies beside the artificial lake created by the Asprokremmos Dam. The dam was constructed on the Xeropotamos as part of the Paphos Irrigation Project, which was completed in 1982.
The village itself existed long before the construction of the dam. The creation of the reservoir later transformed the surrounding landscape dramatically.
The Name Foinikas
The Greek name Foinikas is associated with the Greek word for the date palm. Different spellings of the village name, including Finicha, can be found in older sources and maps.
The Turkish Cypriot inhabitants called the village Finike. According to a recorded Turkish Cypriot tradition, the name was associated with the town of Finike in southern Turkey, and some villagers believed that their ancestors had originated there.
This should be regarded as a local tradition rather than a historically proven explanation for the origin of the village name.
Foinikas during the Medieval Period
The historical importance of Foinikas is much greater than its present appearance as a small abandoned village might suggest.
During the Frankish period, Foinikas became the centre of an important Commandery and served as an administrative centre for the surrounding region.
The medieval name Commandaria della Finicha is associated with the settlement.
The history of the area is also connected with the military religious orders that acquired important estates in Cyprus following the conquest of the island by Richard I of England in 1191.
The Knights Templar and Foinikas
In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart conquered Cyprus. He subsequently sold the island to the Knights Templar.
Several Cypriot historical accounts associate Foinikas with the presence and administration of the Templars and describe the settlement as an important centre connected with the control of western and southwestern Cyprus.
However, some caution is necessary. The later history of the Cypriot commanderies involved changes in ownership and administration, and it would therefore be misleading to describe the entire medieval history of Foinikas simply as that of a “Templar village.”
What can be stated more securely is that Foinikas was an important seat of a Commandery during the Frankish period.
The Turkish Cypriot Village
In more recent centuries, Foinikas developed as a Turkish Cypriot village.
The 1831 Ottoman census records the settlement as being inhabited exclusively by Muslims. In later censuses, the population remained predominantly Turkish Cypriot, although small numbers of Greek Cypriots occasionally appeared in the records.
During the British period, the population gradually increased. It rose from 57 inhabitants in 1891 to 181 inhabitants in 1960.
These figures provide a very different picture from the silent ruins seen today. Foinikas was once a small but active rural community.
Village Life and Economy
The economy of Foinikas was based mainly on agriculture and livestock farming.
Before the village was abandoned, wine-producing grapevines and cereals were among the crops cultivated in the area.
Livestock farming was also important. Records from 1973 list 1,269 sheep, 42 goats, 42 oxen, 4 cows and 430 poultry, belonging to 40 livestock owners.
These figures illustrate the agricultural character of the community shortly before its abandonment.
The Stone Houses
One of the most characteristic features of old Foinikas is its stone-built houses.
The buildings were constructed largely from stone available in the surrounding area. Although decades of abandonment have resulted in extensive deterioration and collapse, walls, doorways, rooms and other architectural remains can still be seen.
The surviving ruins provide valuable evidence of the appearance and organisation of the former settlement.
The Events of 1963–1964
An important detail in the history of Foinikas is that, according to the PRIO Cyprus Displacement Project, the inhabitants were not displaced during either the tensions of the late 1950s or the intercommunal conflict of 1963–1964.
In this respect, Foinikas differed from a number of other Turkish Cypriot villages whose inhabitants were displaced during those periods.
The Turkish Cypriot population of Foinikas remained in the village until the events of 1974.
Abandonment after 1974
The decisive change came in 1974.
The Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of Foinikas left the village and moved to the northern part of Cyprus.
After their departure, some displaced Greek Cypriots from the northern part of the island were temporarily accommodated in the village. This settlement, however, did not become permanent.
The remaining inhabitants eventually left, and Foinikas became an abandoned settlement.
Construction of the Asprokremmos Dam
The Paphos Irrigation Project began in 1976 and was completed in 1982. One of its most important components was the construction of the Asprokremmos Dam on the Xeropotamos River.
The creation of the large artificial reservoir radically transformed the landscape surrounding the abandoned village.
Parts of the old settlement are affected by changes in the water level of the reservoir. When water levels are particularly high, some of the ruins close to the reservoir may be surrounded or covered by water.
A Village That Changes with the Water Level
This has become one of the most striking characteristics of Foinikas.
When the level of the Asprokremmos Reservoir is low, larger areas around the abandoned settlement are exposed and more of the ruins can be seen.
After wet winters, when the reservoir contains much more water, the lake approaches parts of the old village and can alter its appearance dramatically.
The landscape of Foinikas therefore changes considerably according to the water level of the reservoir.
Nature Returns to the Abandoned Settlement
After decades without permanent inhabitants, vegetation has gradually reclaimed much of the village.
Wild plants grow among the ruined stone walls, while seasonal vegetation and changes in the reservoir level continually transform the appearance of the surrounding landscape.
Following rainy winters, the green vegetation surrounding the ruins creates a striking contrast with the old stone buildings and the waters of Asprokremmos.
A Settlement at Risk of Disappearing
The preservation of the ruins cannot be taken for granted.
The abandoned buildings have been exposed for decades to weathering, vegetation growth, erosion and changing environmental conditions. Buildings close to the reservoir are also affected by fluctuations in water levels.
As walls collapse and vegetation spreads through the settlement, parts of the physical evidence of the old village are gradually being lost.
For this reason, photographic and historical documentation of the surviving structures is particularly valuable.
Foinikas Today
Today, Foinikas remains abandoned and uninhabited.
Its ruined stone houses, the waters of the Asprokremmos Reservoir and the surrounding valley create one of the most distinctive abandoned village landscapes in Cyprus.
Behind the present-day ruins, however, lies a much longer history: a settlement associated with the medieval administration of the region, later a Turkish Cypriot agricultural community, abandoned following the events of 1974 and subsequently transformed by the creation of one of Cyprus's largest reservoirs.
Foinikas is therefore more than an abandoned village. Its surviving ruins preserve traces of several different periods in the history and rural heritage of Cyprus.
Summary
Name: Foinikas – Phinikas
Turkish Cypriot name: Finike
District: Paphos, Cyprus
Location: Xeropotamos valley, near the western side of the Asprokremmos Reservoir
Distance from Anarita: Approximately 4–5 km northeast
Average elevation: Approximately 90 m
Medieval importance: Seat of a Commandery during the Frankish period
Historical name: Commandaria della Finicha
Historical population: Predominantly Turkish Cypriot in modern times
Population in 1891: 57 inhabitants
Population in 1960: 181 inhabitants
Traditional occupations: Agriculture and livestock farming
Main crops before abandonment: Wine grapes and cereals
Displacement during 1963–1964: The village population remained in Foinikas
Departure of the Turkish Cypriot population: Following the events of 1974
Later use: Temporary settlement of some displaced Greek Cypriots
Asprokremmos Dam: The wider Paphos Irrigation Project was completed in 1982
Present condition: Abandoned and ruined settlement, with parts of the surrounding area affected by fluctuations in the water level of the Asprokremmos Reservoir
Historical significance: An important abandoned settlement where the medieval history of Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot rural heritage and the modern landscape of the Asprokremmos Reservoir come together.
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