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Showing posts with label Bees of Cyprus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Bees of Cyprus. Show all posts

Saturday, 14 October 2023

Η ιστορια της κυπριακης μελισσας Apis mellifera cypria - The history of Cyprus bees - Παύλος Νεοφύτου

See also

Western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Linnaeus, 1758) Μέλισσα - Cyprus

All about Cyprus - Όλα για την Κύπρο


Τζιβέρτι - Τζιβέρκα - Οι κυψέλες του περασμένου αιώνα στην Κύπρο.


 - Μέλισσες της Κύπρου

Ο δημοσιογράφος Παύλος Νεοφύτου μάς παρουσιάζει μια εξαιρετική ιστορική καταγραφή του είδους της Apis mellifera cypria καθώς και της μελισσοκομίας στην Κύπρο από την εποχή των αρχαίων πολιτισμών της Μεσογείου μέχρι και τις μέρες μας.

Από το Χρονικό του ΠΟΛΙΤΗ, Έκδοση Δ΄, Τεύχος 64

                                                    Photos by George Konstantinou






Φωτογραφία 8/9/2016  Γιώργος Κωνσταντίνου έξω απο το μοναστήρι του Αποστόλου Βαρνάβα





Friday, 15 September 2023

Τζιβέρτι – Τζιβέρκα: Οι παραδοσιακές κυψέλες της παλιάς Κύπρου - Tziverti – Tziverka: The Traditional Beehives of Old Cyprus

See also

All about Cyprus - Όλα για την Κύπρο



Φωτογραφίες 11/6/2011  Γιώργος Κωνσταντίνου έξω απο  την κατεχόμενη Μονή Αποστόλου Βαρνάβα



Below in English

Τζιβέρτι – Τζιβέρκα: Οι παραδοσιακές κυψέλες της παλιάς Κύπρου

Κείμενο: Γιώργος Κωνσταντίνου

Το τζιβέρτι, στον πληθυντικό τζιβέρκα ή τζιβέρτια, είναι η παραδοσιακή κυπριακή κυψέλη που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για πολλές γενιές από τους μελισσοκόμους της Κύπρου. Αποτελεί χαρακτηριστικό στοιχείο της παλιάς κυπριακής μελισσοκομίας και της αγροτικής ζωής του νησιού.

Σε αντίθεση με τις σημερινές ξύλινες κυψέλες με κινητά πλαίσια, τα παραδοσιακά τζιβέρκα είχαν συνήθως μακρόστενο κυλινδρικό σχήμα και κατασκευάζονταν από πηλό ή άλλα παραδοσιακά υλικά. Το Κυπριακό Μουσείο Τροφίμων τεκμηριώνει επίσης παραδοσιακό τζιβέρτι κατασκευασμένο από αχυροπηλό στον Κάτω Δρυ.

Η λέξη «τζιβέρτι»

Στην κυπριακή διάλεκτο η λέξη τζιβέρτι σημαίνει κυψέλη και έχει βαθιές ρίζες στην παραδοσιακή ορολογία της μελισσοκομίας.

Η λέξη απαντά με συγγενικές μορφές και σε άλλες περιοχές της Μεσογείου. Σύμφωνα με ετυμολογική αναφορά που παραθέτει κυπριακή μελισσοκομική πηγή, συναντάται ως «Κυβέρτι» στη Λευκάδα, «Κουβέρτι» στην Ήπειρο και «Civerti» στη Νότια Ιταλία, ενώ συνδέεται ετυμολογικά με αραβική λέξη που σημαίνει κυψέλη.

Στην Κύπρο η λέξη συνδέθηκε τόσο στενά με την παραδοσιακή μελισσοκομία ώστε εξακολουθεί να χρησιμοποιείται ακόμη και σήμερα, παρόλο που οι σύγχρονες κυψέλες έχουν αντικαταστήσει σχεδόν ολοκληρωτικά αυτόν τον παλιό τύπο.

Η κατασκευή των τζιβερκιών

Τα τζιβέρκα ήταν απλές αλλά λειτουργικές κατασκευές.

Το χαρακτηριστικό τους γνώρισμα ήταν το οριζόντιο κυλινδρικό σχήμα. Σε παλαιές κυπριακές καταγραφές αναφέρονται πήλινα τζιβέρκα μήκους περίπου 70 εκατοστών και διαμέτρου περίπου 20 εκατοστών ή περισσότερο.

Στο εσωτερικό της κυψέλης οι μέλισσες κατασκεύαζαν τις κηρήθρες τους. Επειδή δεν υπήρχαν τα κινητά πλαίσια της σύγχρονης κυψέλης, οι κηρήθρες ήταν ουσιαστικά μέρος της ίδιας της αποικίας και της εσωτερικής δομής του τζιβερτιού.

Η απλότητα αυτής της κατασκευής είναι χαρακτηριστική μιας εποχής κατά την οποία η μελισσοκομία βασιζόταν σε τεχνικές και γνώσεις που μεταδίδονταν από γενιά σε γενιά.

Τα τζιβέρκα στους τοίχους των σπιτιών

Ένας ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικός τρόπος χρήσης τους στην Κύπρο ήταν η τοποθέτησή τους μέσα σε πέτρινους τοίχους.

Τα κυλινδρικά τζιβέρκα μπορούσαν να εντοιχίζονται έτσι ώστε η μία πλευρά να επικοινωνεί με το εξωτερικό περιβάλλον και η άλλη να είναι προσβάσιμη από την πίσω πλευρά.

Οι μέλισσες χρησιμοποιούσαν το εξωτερικό άνοιγμα για να εισέρχονται και να εξέρχονται, ενώ ο μελισσοκόμος μπορούσε να έχει πρόσβαση στην κυψέλη από την αντίθετη πλευρά για τη συλλογή του μελιού. Παλαιές καταγραφές αναφέρουν τζιβέρκα εντοιχισμένα σε εξωτερικούς τοίχους πετρόκτιστων σπιτιών, αλλά και σε τοίχους αυλών.

Η πρακτική αυτή δημιούργησε ένα ιδιαίτερο είδος παραδοσιακής μελισσοκομικής αρχιτεκτονικής, κατά την οποία οι κυψέλες αποτελούσαν μέρος του ίδιου του κτίσματος.

Τα μελισσαρκά

Τα τζιβέρκα δεν βρίσκονταν μόνο στα σπίτια.

Υπήρχαν επίσης οργανωμένοι χώροι με πολλές παραδοσιακές κυψέλες, γνωστοί στην κυπριακή διάλεκτο ως μελισσαρκά.

Τέτοιοι χώροι υπήρχαν στην ύπαιθρο και σε περιοχές με πλούσια μελισσοκομική βλάστηση. Παλιές καταγραφές αναφέρουν την παρουσία μικρότερων ή μεγαλύτερων μελισσαρκών σε χωριά αλλά και σε πολλά μοναστήρια της Κύπρου.

Η επιλογή της θέσης ήταν σημαντική, καθώς οι μέλισσες χρειάζονταν πρόσβαση σε ανθοφόρα φυτά, νερό και κατάλληλες συνθήκες για την ανάπτυξη της αποικίας.

Η μελισσοκομία στην Κύπρο έχει βαθιές ρίζες

Η χρήση οριζόντιων κυλινδρικών κυψελών στην Κύπρο δεν περιορίζεται μόνο στους τελευταίους αιώνες.

Ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρον είναι ότι έχουν αναφερθεί αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα πήλινων τμημάτων οριζόντιων κυψελών από τον Διόριο, τα οποία χρονολογούνται περίπου μεταξύ 650 και 750 μ.Χ.

Αυτό δεν σημαίνει ότι κάθε νεότερο τζιβέρτι είναι ακριβώς ίδιο με τις κυψέλες εκείνης της περιόδου. Δείχνει όμως ότι η χρήση οριζόντιων πήλινων κυψελών έχει πολύ παλιές ρίζες στη μελισσοκομική ιστορία της Κύπρου.

Παρόμοιοι τύποι οριζόντιων κυψελών είναι γνωστοί και από άλλους πολιτισμούς της ανατολικής Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής.

Οι μέλισσες μέσα στο τζιβέρτι

Στο εσωτερικό του τζιβερτιού η αποικία δημιουργούσε τις κηρήθρες της, όπου αποθηκευόταν το μέλι και η γύρη και αναπτυσσόταν ο γόνος.

Η λειτουργία της κυψέλης ήταν πολύ διαφορετική από αυτή μιας σύγχρονης κυψέλης με κινητά πλαίσια.

Ο παλιός μελισσοκόμος δεν μπορούσε να αφαιρέσει και να εξετάσει εύκολα κάθε κηρήθρα ξεχωριστά. Σύμφωνα με στοιχεία του Τμήματος Γεωργίας που δημοσιεύθηκαν στον κυπριακό Τύπο, η παραδοσιακή κατασκευή περιόριζε σημαντικά τη δυνατότητα επιθεώρησης και επέμβασης στο μελίσσι.

Ο παραδοσιακός τρύγος

Η συλλογή του μελιού από ένα τζιβέρτι ήταν διαφορετική από τον σημερινό τρύγο.

Στα εντοιχισμένα τζιβέρκα, η είσοδος των μελισσών βρισκόταν προς την εξωτερική πλευρά, ενώ η πρόσβαση για τον τρύγο μπορούσε να γίνεται από την πίσω πλευρά, ακόμη και από το εσωτερικό του σπιτιού.

Ο μελισσοκόμος αφαιρούσε τις κηρήθρες με το μέλι, αλλά έπρεπε να γνωρίζει καλά τη δομή και τη συμπεριφορά της αποικίας.

Η εμπειρία ήταν επομένως εξαιρετικά σημαντική. Η παραδοσιακή μελισσοκομία δεν βασιζόταν στον σύγχρονο εξοπλισμό, αλλά κυρίως στη γνώση που αποκτούσε ο μελισσοκόμος μέσα από χρόνια πρακτικής.

Από το τζιβέρτι στη σύγχρονη κυψέλη

Η μεγάλη αλλαγή στην κυπριακή μελισσοκομία πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά τον 20ό αιώνα, όταν άρχισαν να επικρατούν οι σύγχρονες ξύλινες κυψέλες με κινητά πλαίσια.

Η μετάβαση δεν έγινε απότομα. Τα τζιβέρκα συνέχισαν να χρησιμοποιούνται για αρκετές δεκαετίες παράλληλα με τις νεότερες κυψέλες.

Σύμφωνα με στοιχεία του Τμήματος Γεωργίας που δημοσιεύθηκαν το 2018, μέχρι περίπου το 1960 η πλειονότητα των κυπριακών κυψελών εξακολουθούσε να αποτελείται από παραδοσιακά τζιβέρτια.

Υπάρχουν επίσης οικογενειακές μαρτυρίες Κυπρίων μελισσοκόμων που τοποθετούν ακριβώς αυτή την περίοδο, γύρω στο 1960, τη μετάβαση από τα τζιβέρτια στις σύγχρονες κυψέλες.

Γιατί αντικαταστάθηκαν

Η σύγχρονη κυψέλη προσέφερε σημαντικά πρακτικά πλεονεκτήματα.

Τα κινητά πλαίσια επιτρέπουν στον μελισσοκόμο να ανοίγει την κυψέλη, να εξετάζει τις κηρήθρες, να παρακολουθεί την κατάσταση του γόνου και της βασίλισσας και να πραγματοποιεί πολύ ευκολότερα τις απαραίτητες μελισσοκομικές εργασίες.

Αντίθετα, η σταθερή κατασκευή του τζιβερτιού περιόριζε σημαντικά αυτές τις δυνατότητες. Η παραγωγή μελιού μπορούσε επίσης να είναι μικρότερη από εκείνη μιας σύγχρονης κυψέλης.

Έτσι, καθώς εκσυγχρονιζόταν η κυπριακή μελισσοκομία, τα παραδοσιακά τζιβέρκα άρχισαν σταδιακά να εγκαταλείπονται.

Τζιβέρκα που επέζησαν μέχρι τις μέρες μας

Η εμφάνιση της σύγχρονης κυψέλης δεν εξαφάνισε εντελώς το τζιβέρτι.

Ακόμη και στον 21ο αιώνα υπήρχαν Κύπριοι μελισσοκόμοι που διατηρούσαν παραδοσιακές κυψέλες, κυρίως από ενδιαφέρον για την παλιά μελισσοκομική τέχνη και την παράδοση.

Το 2018, στοιχεία που αποδόθηκαν στο Τμήμα Γεωργίας ανέφεραν 374 μελίσσια σε τζιβέρτια στις ελεύθερες περιοχές, από σύνολο 51.219 μελισσιών εκείνη την περίοδο.

Ο αριθμός αυτός αφορά εκείνη τη συγκεκριμένη χρονική περίοδο και δεν πρέπει να θεωρείται σημερινή απογραφή. Δείχνει όμως ότι η παλιά τεχνική είχε επιβιώσει πολύ περισσότερο από όσο ίσως θα περίμενε κανείς.

Ένα κομμάτι της αγροτικής κληρονομιάς της Κύπρου

Σήμερα τα παλιά τζιβέρκα έχουν ιδιαίτερη λαογραφική και ιστορική αξία.

Όσα σώζονται σε παλιά σπίτια, αυλές, μοναστήρια και εγκαταλελειμμένους μελισσώνες αποτελούν τεκμήρια μιας διαφορετικής εποχής της κυπριακής υπαίθρου.

Δεν είναι απλώς παλιές κυψέλες. Συνδέονται με την παραδοσιακή αρχιτεκτονική, τη μελισσοκομία, την παραγωγή μελιού και κεριού και γενικότερα με την καθημερινή ζωή των αγροτικών κοινοτήτων.

Η διατήρηση και φωτογραφική καταγραφή τους είναι σημαντική, επειδή πολλά από αυτά τα παλιά αντικείμενα και κτίσματα χάνονται σταδιακά.

Τα τζιβέρκα της Μονής Αποστόλου Βαρνάβα

Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα παλιών τζιβερκιών αποτελεί η σειρά παραδοσιακών κυψελών που σώζεται έξω από την κατεχόμενη Μονή Αποστόλου Βαρνάβα.

Οι συγκεκριμένες κυψέλες αποτελούν ένα εξαιρετικό δείγμα της μορφής που είχαν οι παλιοί κυπριακοί μελισσώνες και της πρακτικής τοποθέτησης πολλών κυλινδρικών κυψελών μαζί.

Οι φωτογραφικές καταγραφές του χώρου αποτελούν πολύτιμη μαρτυρία για μια μορφή μελισσοκομίας που σήμερα έχει σχεδόν εξαφανιστεί.

Συνοπτικά στοιχεία

Ονομασία: Τζιβέρτι

Πληθυντικός: Τζιβέρκα / Τζιβέρτια

Χρήση: Παραδοσιακή κυψέλη μελισσών

Περιοχή: Κύπρος

Χαρακτηριστικό σχήμα: Μακρόστενο, κυλινδρικό

Παραδοσιακά υλικά: Πηλός, αχυροπηλός και συναφή τοπικά υλικά

Τοποθέτηση: Σε τοίχους σπιτιών και αυλών ή συγκεντρωμένα σε παραδοσιακούς μελισσώνες

Παραδοσιακή ονομασία μελισσώνα: Μελισσαρκά

Τρόπος κατασκευής κηρηθρών: Σταθερές κηρήθρες στο εσωτερικό της κυψέλης

Αρχαιολογική παρουσία οριζόντιων πήλινων κυψελών στην Κύπρο: Τουλάχιστον από την πρώιμη μεσαιωνική περίοδο, με ευρήματα από τον Διόριο που έχουν χρονολογηθεί περίπου στο 650–750 μ.Χ.

Σταδιακή αντικατάσταση: Από τις σύγχρονες ξύλινες κυψέλες με κινητά πλαίσια κατά τον 20ό αιώνα

Ιδιαίτερη σημασία: Σημαντικό στοιχείο της παραδοσιακής κυπριακής μελισσοκομίας και της αγροτικής πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς του νησιού.









Tziverti – Tziverka: The Traditional Beehives of Old Cyprus

Text: George Konstantinou

The tziverti (plural tziverka or tzivertia) is a traditional type of beehive that was used for generations by beekeepers in Cyprus. It represents an important element of traditional Cypriot beekeeping and the island’s rural heritage.

Unlike modern wooden beehives with movable frames, traditional tziverka were generally long and cylindrical and were made from clay or other traditional materials. Examples made from straw and clay are also documented in Cyprus.

The Word “Tziverti”

In the Cypriot dialect, the word tziverti refers to a beehive and is deeply associated with the traditional terminology of beekeeping.

Related forms of the word are also known from other parts of the Mediterranean. Variants such as kyverti, kouverti and civerti have been recorded in Greece and southern Italy.

In Cyprus, the word became so closely associated with traditional beekeeping that it has survived even though modern wooden hives have almost completely replaced the old type.

Construction of the Tziverka

Tziverka were relatively simple but highly functional structures.

Their most characteristic feature was their horizontal cylindrical shape. Traditional Cypriot examples could measure approximately 70 centimetres in length and around 20 centimetres or more in diameter.

Inside the hive, the bees constructed their own combs. Since there were no movable wooden frames like those used in modern beekeeping, the combs were fixed within the hive.

The simplicity of the construction reflects a period when beekeeping depended largely on traditional skills and knowledge passed from one generation to the next.

Tziverka Built into the Walls of Houses

One particularly interesting way in which tziverka were used in Cyprus was by incorporating them into stone walls.

The cylindrical hives could be built horizontally into the wall so that one end communicated with the outside, while the opposite end remained accessible to the beekeeper.

The bees entered and left through the external opening, while access to the hive for harvesting honey could be provided from the other side. Traditional examples have been recorded in the exterior walls of stone-built houses and courtyard walls.

This practice created a distinctive form of traditional beekeeping architecture in which the beehives became part of the building itself.

The Traditional Apiaries – Melissarka

Tziverka were not found only around houses.

Groups of traditional beehives were also kept in organised apiaries, known in the Cypriot dialect as melissarka.

Such apiaries existed in the countryside, particularly in areas with suitable flowering vegetation. Traditional melissarka could contain many cylindrical hives arranged together, and examples were also associated with monasteries in Cyprus.

The choice of location was important because bee colonies required access to flowering plants, water and suitable environmental conditions.

Beekeeping in Cyprus Has Ancient Roots

The use of horizontal cylindrical beehives in Cyprus is not limited to the last few centuries.

Of particular archaeological interest are fragments of horizontal clay beehives discovered at Diorios, which have been dated approximately to AD 650–750.

This does not necessarily mean that every modern traditional tziverti was identical to the hives used during that period. It does, however, demonstrate that horizontal clay beehives have very deep historical roots in Cyprus.

Similar types of horizontal beehives are also known from other parts of the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East.

The Bees Inside a Tziverti

Inside the tziverti, the colony constructed its combs, where honey and pollen were stored and the brood developed.

The operation of this type of hive differed considerably from that of a modern hive equipped with movable frames.

The traditional beekeeper could not simply remove individual frames to inspect the brood, queen and food reserves. The fixed-comb construction made detailed inspection and intervention considerably more difficult.

Traditional beekeeping therefore depended heavily on the experience and practical knowledge of the beekeeper.

Traditional Honey Harvesting

Harvesting honey from a tziverti was very different from harvesting from a modern framed hive.

In wall-mounted tziverka, the bees could use an entrance on the exterior side of the wall, while the beekeeper could gain access from the opposite end.

Honey-filled combs were removed from the hive during harvesting. Because the combs were fixed rather than mounted on removable frames, the beekeeper needed considerable experience to manage the colony and harvest its honey.

This traditional system was based less on specialised equipment and more on knowledge accumulated through years of practical experience.

From the Tziverti to the Modern Beehive

A major transformation in Cypriot beekeeping occurred during the 20th century, when modern wooden hives with movable frames became increasingly widespread.

The transition was gradual. Traditional tziverka continued to be used alongside modern hives for several decades.

Historical information from Cyprus indicates that until around 1960, traditional tziverka still represented the majority of beehives on the island.

The introduction of modern hives eventually transformed the methods used by Cypriot beekeepers.

Why Tziverka Were Replaced

Modern movable-frame hives offered important practical advantages.

They allowed beekeepers to open the hive, remove individual frames, examine the combs, monitor the brood and queen, and manage diseases and other problems much more effectively.

The fixed-comb construction of the tziverti greatly restricted these possibilities.

As Cypriot beekeeping became increasingly modernised, traditional tziverka gradually disappeared from widespread commercial use.

Tziverka That Survived into Modern Times

The introduction of modern beehives did not result in the complete disappearance of the tziverti.

Even during the 21st century, a small number of traditional hives continued to be maintained in Cyprus, preserving an important connection with older beekeeping practices.

Figures published in 2018, based on information attributed to the Department of Agriculture, recorded 374 bee colonies in traditional tziverka in the government-controlled areas of Cyprus, out of a total of 51,219 colonies at that time.

These figures refer specifically to that period and should not be regarded as a current census. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the remarkable survival of this traditional method into modern times.

Part of Cyprus’ Rural Heritage

Today, surviving tziverka have considerable historical and ethnographic value.

Examples preserved in old houses, courtyards, monasteries and abandoned apiaries provide physical evidence of a very different period in the history of the Cypriot countryside.

They are more than simply old beehives. They are connected with traditional architecture, beekeeping, the production of honey and beeswax, and the everyday life of rural communities.

The preservation and photographic documentation of surviving examples are particularly important, as many of these old structures and objects are gradually disappearing.

The Tziverka of the Monastery of Apostolos Varnavas

A particularly interesting example is the group of traditional tziverka preserved outside the Monastery of Apostolos Varnavas (Saint Barnabas) in the occupied area of Cyprus.

These old hives provide an excellent example of the way traditional cylindrical beehives could be arranged together in a Cypriot apiary.

Their survival offers valuable visual evidence of a form of beekeeping that has now almost disappeared from everyday agricultural life.

Summary

Name: Tziverti

Plural: Tziverka / Tzivertia

Purpose: Traditional beehive

Region: Cyprus

Characteristic form: Long, horizontal and cylindrical

Traditional materials: Clay, straw-and-clay mixtures and related locally available materials

Placement: Built into house or courtyard walls, or grouped together in traditional apiaries

Traditional Cypriot word for an apiary: Melissarka

Comb construction: Fixed combs built by the bees inside the hive

Archaeological evidence: Horizontal clay beehive fragments from Diorios dating approximately to AD 650–750

Gradual replacement: Modern wooden movable-frame hives became increasingly dominant during the 20th century

Historical importance: An important element of traditional Cypriot beekeeping and the rural cultural heritage of Cyprus.


Monday, 29 February 2016

Violet carpenter bee - Xylocopa violacea - Cyprus

Xylocopa violacea, the violet carpenter bee, is the common European species of carpenter bee, and one of the largest bees in Europe. It is also native to Asia.

Like most members of the genus Xylocopa, it makes its nests in dead wood. It is not particularly aggressive, and will attack only if forced to.

Distribution
The range of Xylocopa violacea extends from Europe eastward across Asia as far as central China, restricted to latitudes above 30 degrees. In India, any all-black species of Xylocopa are referred to by the common name "bhanvra" (or "bhomora" - ভোমোৰা - in Assamese), and reports and sightings of bhanvra are commonly misattributed to this species; however, this species is found only in the northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. Most sightings refer to any of several other common black Xylocopa, such as X. nasalis, X. tenuiscapa, or X. tranquebarorum.

In 2006, Xylocopa violacea was reported from Cardigan, Wales. In 2007, it was found breeding for the first time in England, in Leicestershire. This follows a northwards expansion of its range in France, Germany, and the Channel Islands. In 2010 it was recorded in Northamptonshire and Worcestershire.

Description
Violet carpenter bees hibernate over winter and they emerge in the spring, usually around April or May. Hibernation is undertaken by the adults in wood where there are abandoned nest tunnels. In the late spring or early summer, they may be seen around searching for mates and suitable nesting sites. After mating, the gravid females bore tunnels in dead wood, which is where the name "carpenter bee" comes from, although old nest tunnels may be used.

Like other solitary bees, the female creates the nest alone. The eggs are laid within a series of small cells, each of which is supplied with a pollen ball for the larvae to feed upon. The adults emerge in late summer then hibernate until the following year.

Carpenter bees
 (the genus Xylocopa in the subfamily Xylocopinae) are large bees distributed worldwide. Some 500 species of carpenter bees are in the 31 subgenera. Their common name is because nearly all species build their nests in burrows in dead wood, bamboo, or structural timbers (except those in the subgenus Proxylocopa, which nest in the ground). Members of the related tribe Ceratinini are sometimes referred to as "small carpenter bees".
The genus was described by French entomologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek xylokopos/ ξῦλοκὀπος "wood-cutter". Species in this enormous genus are often nearly impossible to distinguish from one another taxonomically, the majority of species being all-black, or primarily black with some yellow pubescence, differing only by subtle morphological features, and details of the male genitalia. In India, for example, any all-black species of Xylocopa is referred to by the common name "bhanvra", and reports and sightings of bhanvra are commonly misattributed to a European species, Xylocopa violacea; however, this species is found only in the northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, and most sightings, especially elsewhere in India, refer to any of roughly 15 other common black Xylocopa in the region, such as X. nasalisX. tenuiscapa, or X. tranquebarorum
Carpenter bees are large, sturdy, shiny, black coloured bees, some species having yellow markings on the head. Carpenter bees may be mistaken for bumble bees.
The marginal cell in the front wing is thin and stretched and the apex bends away from the costa. The front wing has small stigma. The bee's labrum is concealed by the short mandibles when closed. The clypeus is flat. The thoracic menanotum is presented upright and is part of the rear surface and is almost perpendicular to the dorsal surface. The basitarsi are of the same length as the associated tibiae, and the hind pair of basitarsi are hirsute.
In several species, the females live alongside their own daughters or sisters, creating a small social group. They use wood bits to form partitions between the cells in the nest. A few species bore holes in wood dwellings. Since the tunnels are near the surface, structural damage is generally minor or nonexistent
Carpenter bees can be important pollinators on open-faced flowers, even obligate pollinators on some, such as the maypop (Passiflora incarnata), though many species are also known to "rob" nectar by slitting the sides of flowers with deep corollas.
In the United States, two eastern species, Xylocopa virginica and Xylocopa micans, are found, and three other species are primarily western in distribution, Xylocopa varipunctaXylocopa tabaniformis orpifex and Xylocopa californicaX. virginica is by far the more widely distributed species. Some are often mistaken for bumblebee species, as they can be similar in size and coloration, though most carpenter bees have a shiny abdomen, while in bumblebees the abdomen is completely covered with dense hair. Males of some species have a white or yellow face, where the females do not; males also often have much larger eyes than the females, which relates to their mating behavior. Male bees are often seen hovering near nests, and will approach nearby animals. However, males are harmless, since they do not have a stinger. Female carpenter bees are capable of stinging, but they are docile and rarely sting unless caught in the hand or otherwise directly provoked.
Many Old World carpenter bees have a special pouch-like structure on the inside of their first metasomal tergite called the acarinariumwhere certain mites (Dinogamasus species) reside as commensals. The exact nature of the relationship is not fully understood, though in other bees that carry mites, they are beneficial, feeding either on fungi in the nest, or on other harmful mites.
Carpenter bees are traditionally considered solitary bees, though some species have simple social nests in which mothers and daughters may cohabit. However, even solitary species tend to be gregarious and often several nests will be near each other. When females cohabit, a division of labor between them occurs sometimes, where one female may spend most of her time as a guard within the nest, motionless and near the entrance, while another female spends most of her time foraging for provisions.
Carpenter bees make nests by tunneling into wood, vibrating their bodies as they rasp their mandibles against the wood, each nest having a single entrance which may have many adjacent tunnels. The entrance is often a perfectly circular hole measuring about 16 mm (0.63 in) on the underside of a beam, bench, or tree limb. Carpenter bees do not eat wood. They discard the bits of wood, or reuse particles to build partitions between cells. The tunnel functions as a nursery for brood and storage for the pollen/nectar upon which the brood subsists. The provision masses of some species are among the most complex in shape of any group of bees; whereas most bees fill their brood cells with a soupy mass, and others form simple spheroidal pollen masses, Xylocopa species form elongated and carefully sculpted masses that have several projections which keep the bulk of the mass from coming into contact with the cell walls, sometimes resembling an irregular caltrop. The eggs are very large relative to the size of the female, and are some of the largest eggs among all insects.
Two very different mating systems appear to be common in carpenter bees, and often this can be determined simply by examining specimens of the males of any given species. Species in which the males have large eyes are characterized by a mating system where the males either search for females by patrolling, or by hovering and waiting for passing females, which they then pursue. In the other mating system, the males often have very small heads, but a large, hypertrophied glandular reservoir is in the mesosoma, which releases pheromones into the air stream behind the male while it flies or hovers. The pheromone advertises the presence of the male to females
Woodpeckers eat carpenter bees as do two species of flies. Woodpeckers are attracted to the noise of the bee larvae and will drill holes along the tunnels to feed on the larvae.  The flies lay eggs in the entrance to the bee’s nest and the fly maggots live off the bee larvae. The two fly species are diptera and bombyliidae.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Photos Amiantos 22/4/2015 by George Konstantinou

Thursday, 25 February 2016

Eucera dimidiata Brullé, 1832 - Cyprus


Eucera is a genus of bees in the family Apidae subfamily Apinae and the tribe Eucerini - or long-horned bees.

As in most members of the tribe Eucerini, the antennae of males are very long. Old world Eucera can be identified through having 5 or 6 maxillary palpomeres, first flagellomere shorter than scape and clypeus protuberan in front of compound eye by at least the width of the eye in side view. All these characteristics are found in both sexes. Additionally, the males have convergent carinae on S6. Eucera species nest in the ground. Some species are important pollinators of alfalfa.

Eucera is holarctic.

This genus has 219 species of which 78 are known from Europe.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos Vougies 20/2/2016 by George Konstantinou






Tuesday, 13 October 2015

Xylocopa sp. - Cyprus


Carpenter bees (the genus Xylocopa in the subfamily Xylocopinae) are large bees distributed worldwide. Some 500 species of carpenter bees are in the 31 subgenera. Their common name is because nearly all species build their nests in burrows in dead wood, bamboo, or structural timbers (except those in the subgenus Proxylocopa, which nest in the ground). Members of the related tribe Ceratinini are sometimes referred to as "small carpenter bees".
The genus was described by French entomologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek xylokopos/ ξῦλοκὀπος "wood-cutter". Species in this enormous genus are often nearly impossible to distinguish from one another taxonomically, the majority of species being all-black, or primarily black with some yellow pubescence, differing only by subtle morphological features, and details of the male genitalia. In India, for example, any all-black species of Xylocopa is referred to by the common name "bhanvra", and reports and sightings of bhanvra are commonly misattributed to a European species, Xylocopa violacea; however, this species is found only in the northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, and most sightings, especially elsewhere in India, refer to any of roughly 15 other common black Xylocopa in the region, such as X. nasalisX. tenuiscapa, or X. tranquebarorum
Carpenter bees are large, sturdy, shiny, black coloured bees, some species having yellow markings on the head. Carpenter bees may be mistaken for bumble bees.
The marginal cell in the front wing is thin and stretched and the apex bends away from the costa. The front wing has small stigma. The bee's labrum is concealed by the short mandibles when closed. The clypeus is flat. The thoracic menanotum is presented upright and is part of the rear surface and is almost perpendicular to the dorsal surface. The basitarsi are of the same length as the associated tibiae, and the hind pair of basitarsi are hirsute.
In several species, the females live alongside their own daughters or sisters, creating a small social group. They use wood bits to form partitions between the cells in the nest. A few species bore holes in wood dwellings. Since the tunnels are near the surface, structural damage is generally minor or nonexistent
Carpenter bees can be important pollinators on open-faced flowers, even obligate pollinators on some, such as the maypop (Passiflora incarnata), though many species are also known to "rob" nectar by slitting the sides of flowers with deep corollas.
In the United States, two eastern species, Xylocopa virginica and Xylocopa micans, are found, and three other species are primarily western in distribution, Xylocopa varipunctaXylocopa tabaniformis orpifex and Xylocopa californicaX. virginica is by far the more widely distributed species. Some are often mistaken for bumblebee species, as they can be similar in size and coloration, though most carpenter bees have a shiny abdomen, while in bumblebees the abdomen is completely covered with dense hair. Males of some species have a white or yellow face, where the females do not; males also often have much larger eyes than the females, which relates to their mating behavior. Male bees are often seen hovering near nests, and will approach nearby animals. However, males are harmless, since they do not have a stinger. Female carpenter bees are capable of stinging, but they are docile and rarely sting unless caught in the hand or otherwise directly provoked.
Many Old World carpenter bees have a special pouch-like structure on the inside of their first metasomal tergite called the acarinariumwhere certain mites (Dinogamasus species) reside as commensals. The exact nature of the relationship is not fully understood, though in other bees that carry mites, they are beneficial, feeding either on fungi in the nest, or on other harmful mites.
Carpenter bees are traditionally considered solitary bees, though some species have simple social nests in which mothers and daughters may cohabit. However, even solitary species tend to be gregarious and often several nests will be near each other. When females cohabit, a division of labor between them occurs sometimes, where one female may spend most of her time as a guard within the nest, motionless and near the entrance, while another female spends most of her time foraging for provisions.
Carpenter bees make nests by tunneling into wood, vibrating their bodies as they rasp their mandibles against the wood, each nest having a single entrance which may have many adjacent tunnels. The entrance is often a perfectly circular hole measuring about 16 mm (0.63 in) on the underside of a beam, bench, or tree limb. Carpenter bees do not eat wood. They discard the bits of wood, or reuse particles to build partitions between cells. The tunnel functions as a nursery for brood and storage for the pollen/nectar upon which the brood subsists. The provision masses of some species are among the most complex in shape of any group of bees; whereas most bees fill their brood cells with a soupy mass, and others form simple spheroidal pollen masses, Xylocopa species form elongated and carefully sculpted masses that have several projections which keep the bulk of the mass from coming into contact with the cell walls, sometimes resembling an irregular caltrop. The eggs are very large relative to the size of the female, and are some of the largest eggs among all insects.
Two very different mating systems appear to be common in carpenter bees, and often this can be determined simply by examining specimens of the males of any given species. Species in which the males have large eyes are characterized by a mating system where the males either search for females by patrolling, or by hovering and waiting for passing females, which they then pursue. In the other mating system, the males often have very small heads, but a large, hypertrophied glandular reservoir is in the mesosoma, which releases pheromones into the air stream behind the male while it flies or hovers. The pheromone advertises the presence of the male to females
Woodpeckers eat carpenter bees as do two species of flies. Woodpeckers are attracted to the noise of the bee larvae and will drill holes along the tunnels to feed on the larvae.  The flies lay eggs in the entrance to the bee’s nest and the fly maggots live off the bee larvae. The two fly species are diptera and bombyliidae.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Photos Geri , 7/6/ 2010 by George Konstantinou