European nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry, Lote tree or Honeyberry - Celtis australis L. - Κοκκονιά, Τρικουτζιά - Μελικουκιά - Cyprus

Celtis australis, commonly known as the European nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry, lote tree, or honeyberry, is a deciduous tree native to southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. The tree was introduced to England in 1796.

The tree can grow to 25 m in height, though 10 m is more common in cooler climates. The bark is smooth and grey, almost elephantine.  The alternate leaves are narrow and sharp-toothed, rugose above and tomentose below, 5–15 cm long and dark grey/green throughout the year, fading to a pale yellow before falling in autumn. The apetalous wind-pollinated flowers are perfect (:hermaphrodite, having both male and female organs), small and green, either singly or in small clusters. The fruit is a small, dark-purple berry-like drupe, 1 cm wide, hanging in short clusters, and are extremely popular with birds and other wildlife.

A large specimen planted in 1550 stands before the church in the village perché of Fox-Amphoux in the Provence region of southern France. The tree was 18 m in height with a d.b.h. of 5 m in 2013.

The plant prefers light well-drained (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, including those nutritionally poor; it can tolerate drought but not shade. The Mediterranean climate is especially suitable for the plant.

English: the honeyberry tree, European hackberry, hackberry, nettle tree, mediterranean hackberry; French: micocoulier; German: Zurgelbaum; Hindi: ku, batkar, khark, khirk, roku; Italian: perlaro, bagolaro; Nepali: khari; Spanish: almez, lodón, ladón, ojaranzo, hojaranzo; Serbian: копривић, коштела, кошћела, костјела. Trade names: nettle wood, brimji. Türkce: çitlembik

It is often planted as an ornamental as it is resistant to air pollution and long-living. The fruit of this tree is sweet and edible, and can be eaten raw or cooked. The leaves and fruit are astringent, lenitive and stomachic. Decoction of both leaves and fruit is used in the treatment of amenorrhoea, heavy menstrual and inter-menstrual bleeding and colic. The decoction can also be used to astringe the mucous membranes in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and peptic ulcers. A yellow dye is obtained from the bark. The wood is very tough, pliable, durable and widely used by turners; the flexible thin shoots are used as walking sticks.

Celtis australis is supposed to have been the Lotus of the ancients, whose fruit Herodotus, Dioscorides, and Theophrastus describe as sweet, pleasant, and wholesome. Homer has Ulysses refer to the "Lotus-eaters" and the "lotus" in Odyssey, Book IX. The fruit and its effects are described in Tennyson's poem The Lotos-Eaters.

The leaves of Celtis australis are a rich source of flavonoid C-glycosides. Young leaves of Celtis australis from Northern Italy were found to contain the highest amounts of phenolics per gram dry weight. Amounts rapidly decreased until mid-May and after this date the level of phenolics fluctuated but showed no discernible trend. This general trend of high amounts of phenolics in the early growing season and a fast decline affected both caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ηostplant of a butterfly 

European beak or Nettle-tree butterfly - Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782) - Cyprus

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Teucrium kyreniae (P. H. Davis) Hadjik. & Hand - Τεύκριο το κύπριο υποειδ. της Κερύνειας - Endemic to Cyprus

SEE ALSO - ΛΊΣΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΏΝ ΦΥΤΏΝ ΤΗΣ ΚΎΠΡΟΥ - LIST OF ENDEMICS PLANTS OF CYPRUS

Red Data Book category

Endemic to Cyprus

Teucrium is a genus of perennial plants in the family Lamiaceae. The name is believed to refer to King Teucer of Troy. Members of the genus are commonly known as germanders. There are hundreds of species, including herbs, shrubs or subshrubs. They are found all over the world but are most common in Mediterranean climates.

An unusual feature of this genus compared with other members of Lamiaceae is that the flowers completely lack the upper lip of the corolla, although it is somewhat reduced also in other genera (Ajuga among them).

Several species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Coleophora case-bearers Coleophora auricella and Coleophora chamaedriella. The latter is only known from Wall Germander (T. chamaedrys).


Teucrium species are rich in essential oils. They are valued as ornamental plants and a pollen source, and some species have culinary and/or medical value.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Alyssum akamasicum B. L. Burtt - Άλυσσον του ακάµα - Βροµόχορτον - Endemic to Cyprus

See also - Λίστα Ενδημικών Φυτών της Κύπρου - List of Endemics plants of Cyprus

Red Data Book category
Endemic to Cyprus

Alyssum is a genus of over a hundred species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region. The genus comprises annual and perennial herbaceous plants or (rarely) small shrubs, growing to 10–100 cm tall, with oblong-oval leaves. Alyssum flowers are characteristically small and grouped in terminal clusters; they are often yellow or white colored but can be pink or purple.

The genera Lobularia, Aurinia and Odontarrhena are closely related to Alyssum and were formerly included in it. The widely cultivated species popularly known as "sweet alyssum" (Alyssum maritimum) is Lobularia maritima. The common rockery plant (Alyssum saxatile) is Aurinia saxatilis.

Alyssum foliage is used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, including the Gem (Orthonama obstipata). However, rabbits will not eat it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Sambucus nigra L. - Ζαμπούκος - Κουφοξυλιά - Cyprus

Sambucus nigra is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae native to most of Europe.Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry and European black elderberry. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations.

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 6 m (20 ft) tall and wide[4] (rarely 10m tall). The bark, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin.

The hermaphrodite flowers are borne in large, flat corymbs 10–25 cm diameter in late spring to mid summer, the individual flowers ivory white, 5–6 mm diameter, with five petals; they are pollinated by flies.

The fruit is a glossy dark purple to black berry 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably blackcaps.

The dark blue/purple berries can be eaten when fully ripe but are mildly poisonous in their unripe state. All green parts of the plant are poisonous, containing cyanogenic glycosides (Vedel & Lange 1960). The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make jam, jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce.

The flowerheads are commonly used in infusions, giving a very common refreshing drink in Northern Europe and the Balkans. Commercially these are sold as Elderflower cordial. In Europe, the flowers are made into a syrup or cordial (in Romanian: Socată, in Swedish: fläder(blom)saft), which is diluted with water before drinking. The popularity of this traditional drink has recently encouraged some commercial soft drink producers to introduce elderflower-flavoured drinks (Fanta Shokata, Freaky Fläder). The flowers can also be dipped into a light batter and then fried to make elderflower fritters. In Scandinavia and Germany, soup made from the elder berry (e.g. the German Fliederbeersuppe) is a traditional meal.

Both flowers and berries can be made into elderberry wine, and in Hungary an elderberry brandy is made that requires 50 kg of fruit to produce 1 litre of brandy. In south-western Sweden, it is traditional to make a snaps liqueur flavoured with elderflower. Elderflowers are also used in liqueurs such as St. Germain, and in a mildly alcoholic sparkling elderflower 'champagne'.

In Beerse, Belgium, a variety of Jenever called Beers Vlierke is made from the berries.

This plant is used as a medicinal plant by native peoples and herbalists. Stembark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and root extracts are used in bronchitis, cough, upper respiratory cold infections, and fever.[medical citation needed]

Sambucus nigra fruits and flowers have been used in traditional Austrian medicine - internally (fruits as tea, jelly, juice, or syrup; flowers as tea or syrup) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and skin, and for viral infections, fever, colds, and influenza.

The dried corollas and stamens of Sambucus nigra L. (Sambucus, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1949) have been used as a vehicle for eye and skin lotions, while the fruits are to promote urination.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) taurus (Schreber 1759) - The taurus scarab - Cyprus

Family: Scarabaeidae

Subfamily: Scarabaeinae

The taurus scarab (Onthophagus taurus) is a species of dung beetle in the genus Onthophagus.

Description

Onthophagus taurus can reach a length of 5.5–11 millimetres (0.22–0.43 in). These small beetles are oval shaped, the color is usually black or reddish-brown. Sometimes the pronotum has a weak metallic sheen. Males have on the heads a pair of long protrusions or horns (hence the species name) that they use to fight with each other to gain mating rights with females.Some males do not have horns, and therefore do not come into the fight, but have larger gonads. A similar dimorphism in males have been found in some other species (Ageopsis nigicollis, Podischnus agenor) . This adaption reduces direct competition with horned males. Onthophagus taurus can pull a weight of 1141 times its own body mass and is considered the strongest animal on earth on a body weight to lift ratio.

Distribution

This species is present in Europe, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, Irak, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and USA.

Economic value

Dung beetles have been utilized in the breakdown of manure on sheep and dairy farms worldwide. In September 2013 O. taurus was released for the first time in New Zealand, in the Gore District of Southland. These beetles pull the manure into the ground to create their brood balls, which they use as egg chambers. This increases grazing space for cattle, reduces habitats for flies and bacteria, and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

In Cyprus

In Cyprus the species occurrence is connected with the presence of free grazing animals, like at Akrotiri and Karpasia peninsula. In livestock farm areas, the species is facing reproduction problems, because of pesticides and parasiticides.

Photos at Akrotiri 10/4/2016, by Michael Hadjiconstantis. 

Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum - Δρακοντιά - Αγριοκολοκασιά - Cyprus

Red Data Book category

Arum italicum is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Araceae, also known as Italian arum and Italian lords-and-ladies. It is native to the Mediterranean region (southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East) plus Great Britain, the Netherlands, Crimea, Caucasus, Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. It is also naturalized in Argentina and in scattered locations in the United States.


It grows 30–46 cm (1–1.5 ft) high, with equal spread. It blooms in Spring with white flowers that turn to showy red fruit. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and woodland shade gardens. Some gardeners use this arum to underplant with hosta, as they produce foliage sequentially; when the hosta withers away, the arum replaces it, leaving the ground covered. Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, of which A. italicum subsp. italicum 'Marmoratum' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. - Cyprus

Dodonaea viscosa is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, that has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia and Australasia.

D. viscosa is a shrub growing to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) tall, rarely a small tree to 9 m (30 ft) tall. The leaves are variable in shape: generally obovate but some of them are lanceolate, often sessile, 4–7.5 cm (1.6–3.0 in) long and 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) broad, alternate in arrangement, and secrete a resinous substance. Many specimens have a pointed or rounded apex. Leaf base is extended. Leaf texture is leathery, tough, but also pliable. Midribs are medium becoming less visible close to the apex. Secondary veins are thin, generally indistinct; Veins: often 6 to 10 pairs, indifferently opposite, subopposite, and alternate, camptodrome. Venation branches from the midrib at different angles, which may vary from 12° to 70°. The basal veins are very ascending in some plants: the angle of divergence may be close to 45°. The basal secondary venation branches from a point near the base of the main vein and becomes parallel with the leaf margin, with the distance of 1 millimeter to 2 millimeters from the edges. Margins are usually toothed or undulating. The remaining secondary veins lay at regular intervals with flowers usually growing at the branches’ ends. The flowers are yellow to orange-red and produced in panicles about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in length. The flowers may be only male or female ones, and one plant bears either male or female flowers. However, sometimes they are observed to bear flowers of both sexes. The pollen is transported by anemophily. It is believed that D. viscosa flowers lack petals during evolution to increase exposure to the wind. The fruit is a capsule 1.5 cm (0.59 in) broad, red ripening brown, with two to four wings.

The wood is extremely tough and durable. In New Zealand, where it is the heaviest of any native wood, the Māori have traditionally used it for making weapons, carved walking staves, axe-handles, and weights on drill shafts. D. viscosa (also known as “hopbush”) is used by the people from the western part of the island of New Guinea, Southeast Asia, West Africa and Brazil for house building and as firewood. Its leaves may also be used as plasters for wounds.

Native Hawaiians made pou (house posts), laʻau melomelo (fishing lures), and ʻōʻō (digging sticks) from ʻaʻaliʻi wood and a red dye from the fruit.

The cultivar 'Purpurea', with purple foliage, is widely grown as a garden shrub. Dodonaea viscosa easily occupies open areas and secondary forest, and is resistant to salinity, drought and pollution. It can be used for dune stabilization, remediation of polluted lands and for reforestation. The plant is tolerant to strong winds, and therefore is commonly used as hedge, windbreak, and decorative shrub.

The Seri use the plant medicinally. It was also used to stimulate lactation in mothers, as a dysentery treatment, to cure digestive system disorders, skin problems and rheumatism in Africa and Asia. In New Guinea, people use it as incense for funerals. In the past D. viscosa was used instead of hops for beer brewing by Australians (as reflected in the name “hopbush”)

D. viscosa can be grown from seeds. However, pre-treatment of the seed in very hot water may be needed. The plant can also be cultivated by taking cuttings. Sometimes this method is also used to obtain female plants with their winged fruits for the aesthetic value. Hopbush can survive long dry periods and is easily cultivated without heavy feeding.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Styrax officinalis L. - Στερατζιά - Cyprus

Styrax officinalis is a species of plants belonging to the family Styracaceae.

Styrax officinalis is a deciduous shrub reaching a height of 2–5 metres (6 ft 7 in–16 ft 5 in).[3] It has a simple, relaxed form, with very thin elliptical leaves 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 3.5–5.5 cm (1 1⁄2–2 in) wide, alternate and widely spaced on thin, reddish stems, with a tight, dark bark on basal stems. A small very light green, stalked axillary bud is associated with each leaf.

The inflorescence is short and few-flowered. The flowers are axillary, bell-shaped, white and fragrant, about 2 cm (1 in) long. The corolla has 5–7 petals and many yellow anthers, the calyx is 5-lobed. Flowering period extends from spring to summer (May-June)

This plant is the "official" source of styrax, an herbal medicine known from ancient times. Some believe it to have been the stacte used together with frankincense, galbanum, and onycha to make Ketoret, the Tabernacle incense of the Old Testament

This species is native to southern Europe and the Middle East. The species has been considered to include S. redivivus, native to California. It prefers dry rocky slopes, woods and thickets at an elevation up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou

Ο Πλίνιος, κατά τον 1ο αι. μ.Χ.   γράφει σε ένα από τα συγγράμματα του για την στυρακορητίνη με τις φαρμακευτικές ιδιότητες που προέρχεται από διαφορετικές περιοχές συμπεριλαμβανομένης και της Κύπρου . Η ουσία αυτή αποτελεί την ρητίνη που παράγεται από το φυτό με το λατινικό όνομα Styrax officinalis το οποίο στην κυπριακή είναι γνωστό ως Στερατζιά ή αγριοκυδωνιά. Ποια είναι όμως τα χαρακτηριστικά του φυτού αυτού και ποια η οικολογική του αξία;

Το φυτό Στερατζιά αποτελεί φυλλοβόλο θάμνο ή μικρό δέντρο που δεν ξεπερνά σε ύψος τα 7 m και ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Στυρακίδων . Χαρακτηρίζεται από φύλλα ανοικτού πράσινου χρώματος που καλύπτονται από ελαφρύ χνούδι και προσομοιάζουν με αυτά της κυδωνιάς. Τα λευκά άνθη που εμφανίζονται την περίοδο Μαρτίου-Ιουνίου έχουν χαρακτηριστικό έντονο άρωμα ενώ οι καρποί είναι καστανοί και σφαιρικοί και ωριμάζουν την περίοδο Αυγούστου-Νοεμβρίου . Το ιθαγενές αυτό φυτό της Κύπρου συμμετέχει σε διάφορους τύπους οικοτόπων και παρουσιάζει ευρεία εξάπλωση, από τον Ακάμα και την οροσειρά του Τροόδους μέχρι την Καντάρα και το Ριζοκάρπασο σε υψόμετρο από 0-1300m . Παρόλο που η Στερατζιά θα μπορούσε να χαρακτηριστεί ως πολύ κοσμητικός θάμνος λόγω της εμφάνισης αλλά και της γλυκιάς μυρωδιάς των ανθών και των καρπών, εντούτοις στην Κύπρο δεν έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί ευρέως. Γνωστές όμως από την αρχαιότητα ήταν η ευεργετικές ιδιότητες του φυτού γεγονός που υποδηλώνει και το επίθετο «officinalis» που μεταφράζεται ως «φαρμακευτική». Συγκεκριμένα, οι εύοσμοι καρποί που ονομάζονται και φθειροκόκοτσα χρησιμοποιούνταν κοπανισμένοι για την καταπολέμηση των φθειρών της κεφαλής ενώ η στυρακορητίνη ή στυρακόπισσα χρησιμοποιήθηκε κυρίως από τους κατοίκους της ευρύτερης περιοχής της Καρπασίας για αρωματισμό των ρούχων και απομάκρυνση εντόμων ενώ σε αρκετά σημεία χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως συστατικό παρασκευής του αγίου μύρου. Η εξαγωγή της στυρακόπισσας γινόταν με χάραξη του φλοιού του δέντρου ενώ στο εμπόριο εμφανιζόταν με 3 διαφορετικές μορφές: ως στερεά δάκρυα, ως ημίρρευστη σε καλάμι και υπό μορφή πλακών . Επιπρόσθετα, οι πολτοποιημένοι καρποί του φυτού έδιναν χαρακτηριστικό πήγμα γνωστό με το όνομα «τσούννα» το οποίο χρησιμοποιείτο σαν μέσω νάρκωσης για το ψάρεμα χελιών σε μικρές λίμνες και ποταμούς της Μαραθάσας και αλλού. Τέλος, το ανθεκτικό, σκληρό και πολύ βαρύ ξύλο της Στερατζιάς αποτέλεσε την πρώτη ύλη για την κατασκευή βεργών που χρησιμοποιούνταν σαν χειρολαβές για τις παραδοσιακές «σαρκές», για την συγκομιδή χαρουπιών αλλά και για την κατασκευή βουκεντρών, δηλαδή μακριών βεργών για κέντρισμα των βοδιών κατά την διάρκεια του οργώματος. Συγκεκριμένα, οι βουκέντρες από Στερατζιά αποτελούσαν σημαντικό εργαλείο για τον Κύπριο αγρότη και για τον λόγο αυτό καταγράφεται και η εξής παροιμία:


«Το ζευκάριν το καλόν, θέλει τζ’αι ζευκαλάτην, θέλει τζ’αι βέρκαν στερατζ’ιαν τζ’αι παχουλλήν αγάπην».                  

 Παρόλο που το φυτό δεν αντιμετωπίζει εμφανής απειλές ως προς την επιβίωση του, εντούτοις καθήκον όλων μας είναι η προστασία του ώστε να διασφαλιστεί η μακρόχρονη επιβίωση του σε φυσικούς πληθυσμούς. Ας συμβάλουμε στην προστασία του φυτού γνωστοποιώντας τις ευεργετικές ιδιότητες του ώστε να αποτραπούν φαινόμενα παράνομης αποκοπής του για συγκομιδή ξύλων και ρύπανσης των περιοχών φυσικής εξάπλωσης του. Μπορούμε; 

ΠΗΓΕΣ:
[1] Τσιντίδης, Τ., Χατζηκυριάκου, Γ., Χριστοδούλου, Χ. (2002). Δέντρα και Θάμνοι στην Κύπρο. Λευκωσία: Ίδρυμα Α.Γ. Λεβέντη – Φιλοδασικός Σύνδεσμος Κύπρου
[2] Χατζηκυριάκου, Γ.,2007: Αρωματικά και Αρτυματικά Φυτά στην Κύπρο. Από την αρχαιότητα μέχρι και σήμερα. Λευκωσία 2007

[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrax_officinalis
http://kykpee.org/?p=6804

Bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange - Citrus × aurantium L., 1753 - Νεραντζιά - Κιτρομηλιά - Cyprus

Cyprus garden plant

Bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange refers to a citrus tree (Citrus × aurantium) and its fruit.

It is a hybrid between Citrus maxima (pomelo) and Citrus reticulata (mandarin). Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, and are found in perfume, used as a flavoring or as a solvent. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade.

Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine. Bitter orange supplements have been linked to a number of serious side effects and deaths, and consumer groups advocate that people avoid using the fruit medically.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Η νεραντζιά, γνωστή και ως "πορτοκαλιά της Σεβίλης", είναι το εσπεριδοειδές δέντρο Κιτρέα η νεραντζέα (Citrus × aurantium). Στη δε Κύπρο, είναι γνωστό και με τις ονομασίες κιτρομηλιά ή ξινονεραντζιά. Μοιάζει πολύ με την πορτοκαλιά και η καταγωγή της είναι από το Βιετνάμ, αλλά σήμερα είναι πολύ κοινή και καλλιεργείται σε πολλές χώρες, ιδιαίτερα στις τροπικές περιοχές και στις χώρες της Μεσογείου. Το δέντρο είναι ανθεκτικό τόσο στο ψύχος όσο και στην ξηρασία και είναι πολύ συνηθισμένο οι πορτοκαλιές, λεμονιές και μανταρινιές, να είναι εμβολιασμένες πάνω σε νεραντζιά.

Το νεράντζι ή πορτοκάλι της Σεβίλης, γνωστό στην Κύπρο ως κιτρόμηλο ή ξινονέραντζο, είναι ο καρπός της νεραντζιάς. Εξωτερικά μοιάζει με το πορτοκάλι, αλλά η διαφορά του είναι κυρίως στη γεύση, που είναι αρκετά πιο πικρή.

Είναι υβρίδιο του Citrus maxima (φράπα) και του Citrus reticulata (μανταρίνι). Πολλές ποικιλίες νεραντζιών χρησιμοποιούνται για την παραγωγή αιθέριων ελαίων και βρίσκονται ως άρωμα, όπου χρησιμοποιούνται είτε ως αρωματικό είτε ως διαλύτης. Η ποικιλία των πορτοκαλιών της Σεβίλης χρησιμοποιείται ιδιαίτερα στην παραγωγή μαρμελάδας.

Το νεράντζι χρησιμοποιείται επίσης στη βοτανοθεραπεία ως διεγερτικό και ως κατασταλτικό της όρεξης, λόγω του δραστικού συστατικού συνεφρίνη. Τα συμπληρώματα από νεράντζι έχουν συνδεθεί με μια σειρά από σοβαρές παρενέργειες και θανάτους, και ως αποτέλεσμα αυτών οι ενώσεις καταναλωτών συμβουλεύουν το κοινό να αποφεύγει τη χρήση του καρπού για ιατρικούς λόγους.Από τη Βικιπαίδεια, την ελεύθερη εγκυκλοπαίδεια

Photos 11/4/2016 by George Konstantinou