See also
All about Cyprus - Όλα για την Κύπρο.
Below in English
Κείμενο: Γιώργος Κωνσταντίνου
Η επιστημονική δημοσίευση
Η εργασία των Eddie John, Hasan Bağlar και George Konstantinou δημοσιεύθηκε στις 26 Μαΐου 2023 στο επιστημονικό περιοδικό Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, τόμος 159, σελίδες 87–95. Βασίστηκε κυρίως σε επιβεβαιωμένες παρατηρήσεις πολιτών κατά το 2022.
Η Papilio demoleus καταγράφηκε για πρώτη φορά στην Κύπρο στις 11 Αυγούστου 2021, στα περίχωρα της Λύσης. Η μοριακή εξέταση έδειξε ότι το κυπριακό άτομο ανήκε στο ονομαστικό υποείδος Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 και είχε τον ίδιο απλότυπο με δείγμα από τη Συρία.
Εγκατάσταση στην Κύπρο
Κατά το 2022 το είδος καταγράφηκε σε 50 τετράγωνα UTM διαστάσεων 5 × 5 χιλιομέτρων. Οι γνωστές παρατηρήσεις κάλυπταν περίπου το 11% της Κύπρου, ενώ οι διάσπαρτες παράκτιες καταγραφές υποδήλωναν ότι η πραγματική εξάπλωσή του ήταν πιθανότατα μεγαλύτερη.
Η επιτυχής διαχείμαση κατά τον ασυνήθιστα ψυχρό χειμώνα του 2021–2022 και η εμφάνιση διαδοχικών γενεών αποτέλεσαν ισχυρές ενδείξεις εγκατάστασης. Νεότερη αξιολόγηση των δεδομένων της περιόδου 2021–2024 υποστηρίζει πλέον την επιτυχή εγκατάσταση του είδους στην Κύπρο.
Βιολογία και πιθανές επιπτώσεις
Οι προνύμφες τρέφονται κυρίως με φυτά της οικογένειας Rutaceae, ιδιαίτερα με εσπεριδοειδή. Το είδος μπορεί να αναπτύξει αρκετές γενεές τον χρόνο και είναι ικανό να εξαπλώνεται γρήγορα. Ωστόσο, οι συγγραφείς τόνισαν ότι δεν πρέπει να χαρακτηρίζεται αυτόματα ως επιβλαβές είδος στην Κύπρο χωρίς επαρκή στοιχεία για τις πραγματικές επιπτώσεις του στις καλλιέργειες.
Ταξινόμηση
Βασίλειο: Animalia
Φύλο: Arthropoda
Κλάση: Insecta
Τάξη: Lepidoptera
Υπεροικογένεια: Papilionoidea
Οικογένεια: Papilionidae
Υποοικογένεια: Papilioninae
Γένος: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
Είδος: Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758
Υποείδος στην Κύπρο: Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758
Αγγλική κοινή ονομασία: Lime Swallowtail
Καθεστώς στην Κύπρο: μη αυτόχθονο, εγκατεστημένο είδος
Πηγές
- John, E., Bağlar, H. & Konstantinou, G. (2023). «Έχει επιτύχει η Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 να εγκατασταθεί στην Κύπρο; Στοιχεία από αναφορές πολιτών το 2022». Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 159: 87–95. DOI: 10.31184/M00138908.1592.4178.
- EPPO Global Database – Εξάπλωση της Papilio demoleus στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο.
- John, E. κ.ά. (2025). Αποτελέσματα παρακολούθησης από πολίτες κατά την περίοδο 2021–2024, τα οποία υποστηρίζουν την επιτυχή εγκατάσταση της Papilio demoleus στην Κύπρο. DOI: 10.31184/M00138908.1613.4311.
- Has Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 become established in Cyprus? Evidence from citizen science reports in 2022
Text: George Konstantinou
Title correction and verification
The original English title of the scientific paper is correct and is retained below. The documented English common name of the species is “Lime Swallowtail”. No established Greek common name was located; therefore, no Greek name has been added.
The scientific publication
The paper by Eddie John, Hasan Bağlar and George Konstantinou was published on 26 May 2023 in the scientific journal Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, volume 159, pages 87–95. It was based mainly on verified citizen-science observations made during 2022.
Papilio demoleus was first recorded in Cyprus on 11 August 2021, on the outskirts of Lysi. Molecular analysis showed that the Cypriot individual belonged to the nominotypical subspecies Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 and shared the same haplotype as a specimen from Syria.
Establishment in Cyprus
During 2022, the species was recorded from 50 UTM squares measuring 5 × 5 kilometres. The documented observations covered approximately 11% of Cyprus, while scattered records from coastal areas suggested that its actual distribution was probably considerably greater.
Successful survival through the unusually cold winter of 2021–2022 and the appearance of successive generations provided strong evidence of establishment. A later assessment of data collected between 2021 and 2024 now supports the successful establishment of the species in Cyprus.
Biology and possible effects
The larvae feed mainly on plants of the family Rutaceae, particularly citrus trees. The species can produce several generations annually and is capable of spreading rapidly. However, the authors stressed that it should not automatically be labelled a pest in Cyprus without sufficient evidence of its actual effects on cultivated plants.
Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Papilionoidea
Family: Papilionidae
Subfamily: Papilioninae
Genus: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
Species: Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758
Subspecies in Cyprus: Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758
English common name: Lime Swallowtail
Status in Cyprus: non-native, established species
Sources
- John, E., Bağlar, H. & Konstantinou, G. (2023). “Has Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) succeeded in becoming established in Cyprus? Evidence from citizen science reports in 2022”. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 159: 87–95. DOI: 10.31184/M00138908.1592.4178.
- EPPO Global Database – Spread of Papilio demoleus in the Eastern Mediterranean.
- John, E. et al. (2025). Community-science monitoring results from 2021–2024 implying successful establishment of Papilio demoleus in Cyprus. DOI: 10.31184/M00138908.1613.4311.
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 159: 87–95
Has Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae) succeeded in becoming established in Cyprus?Evidence from citizen science reports in 2022BY EDDIE JOHN, HASAN BAĞLAR & GEORGE KONSTANTINOUEJ: Coach House, Church Street, Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan CF71 7BB, U.K.;email: eddiejohn100@gmail.comHB: P.O. Box 22365, 1520 Nicosia, Cyprus; email:baglar@hotmail.comGK: Society for the Protection of Natural Heritage and the Biodiversity of Cyprus, Keryneias 6,Geri 2200, Cyprus; email: fanigeorge@hotmail.com
Article history: Received: 30 January 2023; Accepted: 27 March 2023; Published: 26 May 2023
ABSTRACTOverwintering success of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758, a recently arrived Swallowtail tothe Mediterranean basin, has been such that we are able to report on dispersal of the species into50×5km2 -UTM squares in Cyprus. Citizen science reports, appropriately verifified, have beeninvaluable in assessing the spread of a papilionid that was fifirst reported from Cyprus in August2021. These observations, supplemented by others from members of the Cyprus Butterflfly StudyGroup, point to a known area of occupation representing ca. 11% of the island in just one year.However, the distances separating observations from the main concentration in central/easternareas of the island with those reported from coasts around the island, strongly support a belief thatthe species has a far greater distribution in Cyprus. In turn, as the species has survived throughoutan unusually cold winter during 2021/2022, this leads us to hypothesize that a successful,potentially permanent, range expansion has been achieved. Until more is known about theadaptation of P. demoleus to pertaining environmental conditions in Cyprus, where fifive annualgenerations appear achievable, we urge caution before the tag of ‘pest species’, as applied in otherparts of the world, is attached to P. demoleus in Mediterranean regions.Keywords: Lepidoptera, Papilionidae, Papilio demoleus, Lime Swallowtail, Phenology,Mediterranean Turkey, Syria, Cyprus
INTRODUCTIONReaders of the erstwhile sister journal Entomologist’s Gazette have perhaps become familiar with reports of the arrival in 2021 of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lime or Chequered Swallowtail) (Figs 1 & 2) in areas of the eastern Mediterranean. In Başbay, Salimeh & John (2020a & b) we commented on the recent discovery of the species at Mediterranean coastal regions of Turkey and Syria, and in John et al. (2021b), confirmed the presence (in Syria) to be that of nominotypical P. demoleus demoleus. The last-mentioned paper also confirmed the species’ dispersal into Lebanon and predicted further territory expansion by this vigorous swallowtail into Israel and Cyprus. Hecht (2021) reported arrival in northern Israel in the autumn of 2021, prior to which the anticipated arrival in Cyprus had been realised, with the discovery of P. demoleus on 11 August 2021 (John et al. 2021a). The species was first seen on the outskirts of Lysi (WD68SW), ca. 28km south-east of Nicosia, in a garden owned by the parents of the second author. Molecular analysis showed this to be P. demoleus demoleus (GenBank accession number OL742425), identical to the haplotype of the specimen from Syria (GenBank accession number MW390816), thus indicating a
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